XIII. Abbreviations
|
(A)CC, |
(anterior) cingulate cortex; |
|
11HSD1 |
11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 |
|
5-HT |
5-hydroxytryptamine, serotonin |
|
AA |
amino acid |
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AACE |
American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists |
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ACC1, ACC2 |
acetyl CoA carboxylase |
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ACE |
angiotensin-converting enzyme |
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Ach |
acetylcholine |
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ACTH |
adrenocorticotropic hormone |
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ACS |
acute coronary syndrome |
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AD |
Alzheimer disease |
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ADH |
antidiuretic hormone (or arginine vasopressin, AVP) |
|
ADP |
adenosine diphosphate |
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AGC |
adrenal gland cortex |
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AGE |
advanced glycation product |
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AGM |
adrenal gland medulla |
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AGRP |
Agouti-related peptide |
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AHA |
American Heart Association |
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A-I |
angiotensin I |
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A-II |
angiotensin II |
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ALT |
alanine aminotransferase |
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AMPk |
adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase |
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AN |
anorexia nervosa |
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ANGPTL4 |
angiopoietin-like protein 4 |
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Apo |
apolipoprotein |
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APP |
amyloid precursor protein |
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ARC |
nucleus arcuatus |
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ARB |
angiotensin-II-receptor blocking agent |
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Arg |
arginine |
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ASP |
acylation-stimulating protein |
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AST |
aspartate aminotransferase (or serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase GOT or SGOT) |
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ATP |
adenosine triphosphate |
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AVP |
arginine vasopressin (or antidiuretic hormone, ADH) |
|
Aβ |
amyloid-β peptide |
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BH4 |
tetrahydrobiopterin |
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BMI |
body mass index |
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BN |
bulimia nervosa |
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BP |
blood pressure |
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CAD |
coronary artery disease (or coronary heart disease, CHD) |
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C/EBP-α |
cytosine-cytosine-adenine-thymine enhancer binding protein-α |
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cAMP |
cyclic adenosine monophosphate |
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CART |
cocaine- and amphetamine- regulated transcript |
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CB |
endocannaboid |
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CB-1 |
endocannaboid-1 receptor |
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CBS |
cystathionine-β-synthase |
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CCK |
cholecystokinin (earlier called pancreozymin ) |
|
cGMP |
cyclic guanosine monophosphate |
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CHD |
cardiovascular heart disease (or coronary artery disease, CAD) |
|
CHO |
carbohydrate |
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Chy |
chylomicron |
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CIGMA |
continuous intravenous glucose model assessment |
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CLA |
conjugated linoleic acid |
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CNTF |
ciliary neurotrophic factor |
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CO |
carbon monoxide |
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COX |
cyclooxygenase |
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CRF |
corticotropin-releasing factor |
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CRH |
corticotropin-releasing hormone |
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CRP |
C-reactive protein |
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CT |
computed tomography |
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CVD |
cardiovascular disease |
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DA |
dopamine |
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DHP |
dihydropyridine |
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DM |
diabetes mellitus |
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E |
epinephrine |
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EDHF |
endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor |
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EDRF |
endothelium-derived relaxing factor |
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EET |
epoxyeicosatetraenoic acid |
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EGIR |
European Group for the Study of Insulin Resistance |
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EGP |
endogenous glucose production |
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eNOS |
endothelial nitric oxide synthase |
|
EPCs |
endothelial progenitor cells |
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ET |
endothelin |
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FAD |
flavin adenine dinucleotide |
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FFA |
free fatty acid |
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FMN |
flavin adenine mononucleotide |
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FPG |
fasting plasma glucose |
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FPI |
fasting plasma insulin |
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FSH |
follicle-stimulating hormone |
|
FSIVGTT |
frequent sampling intravenous glucose tolerance test |
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G |
gastrin |
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GABA |
gamma-aminobutyric acid |
|
GC |
guanylyl cyclase |
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GFR |
glomerular filtration rate |
|
GGT |
γ-glutamyltransferase |
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GH |
growth hormone |
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GHBP |
growth hormone binding protein |
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GHD |
growth hormone deficiency |
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GHRH/GHRF |
growth hormone-releasing factor/hormone |
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GI |
glycemic index |
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GIT |
gastrointestinal tract |
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GIP |
gastric inhibitory peptide or glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide |
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GLP-1 |
glucagon-like peptide-1 |
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GLP-2 |
glucagon-like peptide-2 |
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GLUT-4 |
type IV glucose transporter |
|
Glu |
glucose |
|
GP |
glycoprotein |
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GRF |
growth hormone-releasing factor |
|
GRP |
gastrin-releasing peptide |
|
GLRP |
glicentin-related polypeptide |
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GSK-3β |
glycogen synthase kinase-3β |
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HBP |
high blood pressure |
|
Hcy |
homocysteine |
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HDL |
high-density lipoprotein |
|
HI |
hyperinsulinemia |
|
HMGCR |
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase |
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HOMA |
homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance |
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HR |
high risk |
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HT |
hypothalamus |
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HT-LH |
lateral hypothalamus/HT fasting center |
|
HTG |
hypertriglyceridemia |
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HT-VMH |
hypothalamus satiety center/ventromedial hypothalamus |
|
IAS |
International Atherosclerosis Society |
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IBD |
inflammatory bowel disease |
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IDE |
insulin-degrading enzyme |
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IDF |
International Diabetes Federation |
|
IDL |
intermediate-density lipoprotein |
|
IFG |
impaired fasting glucose |
|
IFN-γ |
interferon gamma |
|
IGF-1 |
insulin-like growth factor 1 |
|
IGFBP |
insulin-like growth factor-binding globulin |
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IGT |
impaired glucose tolerance |
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IL-1 |
Interleukin 1 |
|
IL-6 |
Interleukin 6 |
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IL-8 |
Interleukin 8 |
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IL-10 |
Interleukin 10 |
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IL-12 |
Interleukin 12 |
|
IL-1RA |
Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist |
|
iNOS |
inducible nitric oxide synthase |
|
IP3 |
inositol triphosphate |
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IR |
insulin resistance |
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IRS |
insulin receptor substrate protein |
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IST |
insulin suppression test |
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ITT |
intravenous insulin tolerance test |
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L-Arg |
L-arginine |
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LDL |
low-density lipoprotein |
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Leu |
leucine |
|
LH |
luteinizing hormone |
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LIR |
low-intermediate risk |
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L-MMA |
Nω-methyl-L-arginine |
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L-NAME |
NG-nitro-L-arginine |
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LPa |
lipoprotein a |
|
LPL |
lipoprotein lipase enzyme |
|
LR |
low risk |
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Lys |
lysine |
|
MA |
microalbuminuria |
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MCH |
melanin-concentrating hormone |
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MCP-1 |
monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 or macrophage chemotactic protein |
|
MET |
metabolic equivalent |
|
MetS |
metabolic syndrome |
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MI |
myocardial infarction |
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MIF |
macrophage migration inhibitory factor |
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MLC |
myosin light chain |
|
MLCK |
myosin light chain kinase |
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MMP |
matrix metalloproteinase |
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MHR |
moderately high risk |
|
MR |
magnetic resonance methods |
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α-MSH |
alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone |
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MUFA |
monounsaturated fatty acid |
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N |
norepinephrine |
|
NAc |
nucleus accumbens |
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NADPH |
β-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide 2′-phosphate |
|
NAFLD |
non-alcoholic fatty liver disease |
|
NASH |
non-alcoholic steatohepatitis |
|
NCEP |
National Cholesterol Education Program |
|
NCEP/ATP |
National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel |
|
NHLBI |
National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute |
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nNOS |
neuronal nitric oxide synthase |
|
NO |
nitric oxide |
|
NOS |
nitric oxide synthase |
|
NPY |
neuropeptide Y |
|
NTS |
nucleus tractus solitarius |
|
OFC |
orbitofrontal cortex |
|
OGTT |
oral glucose tolerance test |
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ONOO- |
peroxynitrite |
|
OSA |
obstructive sleep apnea |
|
OXM |
enteroglucagon, glicentin, oxyntomodulin, |
|
OX |
oxytocin |
|
OXA |
orexin |
|
PA |
plasminogen activator |
|
PAF |
platelet-activating factor |
|
PAI-1 |
plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (or serine protease inhibitor - serpin) |
|
PAR |
protease-activated receptor |
|
PCOS |
polycystic ovary syndrome |
|
DGGF |
platelet-derived growth factor |
|
PFA |
perifornical area |
|
PFC |
prefrontal cortex, |
|
PGD2 |
prostaglandin D2 |
|
PGE2α |
prostaglandin E2α |
|
PGE2 |
prostaglandin E2 |
|
PGH2 |
prostaglandin H2 |
|
PGI2 |
prostacyclin |
|
PI |
plasmin inhibitor enzyme |
|
PKC |
protein kinase C |
|
PLA2 |
phospholipase A2 |
|
POMC |
proopiomelanocortin |
|
POMC/CART |
proopiomelanocortin/cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript |
|
POS |
polycystic ovary syndrome |
|
PP |
pancreatic polypeptide |
|
PPAR-γ |
nuclear peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor γ |
|
PUFA |
polyunsaturated fatty acid |
|
PYY |
peptide tyrosine tyrosine |
|
PVN |
nucleus paraventricularis |
|
PZ |
pancreozymin |
|
RAAS |
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system |
|
RAS |
renin-angiotensin system |
|
RBP4 |
retinol-binding protein 4 |
|
RONS |
reactive oxygen and nitrogen species |
|
ROS |
reactive oxygen species |
|
SAA |
serum amyloid A |
|
SAFA |
saturated fatty acids |
|
SCD-1 |
stearoyl CoA desaturase-1 |
|
SHBG |
sex hormone-binding globulin |
|
SK |
substance K |
|
SNS |
sympathetic nervous system |
|
SP |
substance P |
|
SSPG |
stead- state plasma glucose |
|
T2DM |
type 2 diabetes mellitus |
|
T3 |
triiodothyronine |
|
T4 |
thyroxine |
|
TAFI |
thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor |
|
TBG |
thyroxine-binding globulin |
|
TBPA |
thyroxine-binding prealbumin |
|
TCH |
total cholesterol |
|
TE |
total energy |
|
TFA |
trans fatty acid |
|
TG |
triglyceride |
|
TGF-β |
transforming growth factor-β |
|
TH |
thyroid |
|
TNF-α |
tumor necrosis factor-alpha |
|
TSH |
thyroid-stimulating hormone |
|
TRH |
thyreotropin-releasing hormone |
|
TXA2 |
thromboxane A2 |
|
TZD |
thiazolidinedione |
|
US |
ultrasound |
|
VAT |
visceral adipose tissue |
|
VIP |
vasoactive intestinal polypeptide |
|
VLDL |
very low-density lipoprotein |
|
VTA |
ventral tegmental area; |
|
vWF |
von Willebrand factor |
|
WC |
waist circumference |
|
WHF |
World Heart Federation |
|
WHO |
World Health Organization |
|
WHR |
waist-hip ratio |
|
α-MSH |
α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone |