III.4.M. Metabolic effects of hormones
Table 4 summarizes the important metabolic effects of hormones.
|
Hormone |
Produced by |
Target organ |
Main effects on glucose and fat metabolism or food intake |
Inhibited by |
Stimulated by |
|
Insulin |
pancreatic B cells |
all tissues (except nervous tissue) |
Glu and AA uptake in cells ↑ NPY ↓ AGRP ↑ POMC ↑ |
Somatos-tatin stress N E galanin |
Glu ↑ incretins (GIP, CCK, GLP) Arg, Leu, Lys n. vagus cholinergic stimulus Sulfonylurea Ach |
|
Glucagon |
pancreatic A cells |
liver adipose tissue |
glycogenolysis ↑ Glu release from the liver ↑ |
Somatos-tatin insulin high Glu |
stress, CRH, ACTH GH, E, N SNS, the lack of insulin Arg, Leu, Lys |
|
Somatos-tatin
|
intestinal nerve cells intestines pancreatic D cells brain |
pancreas stomach intestines brain |
insulin, glucagon inhibition CCK, VIP, G, PP inhibition gastric acid secretion ↓ intestinal motility ↓ food intake↓ |
galanin |
G, insulin, Glu, AA |
|
GH |
adeno-hypophysis |
all tissues |
RNA, protein synthesis↑, amount of tissue ↑ Glu release ↑, AA release ↑, lipolysis ↑ |
Som |
plasma Glu and AA level ↓ GRH
|
|
cortisol |
AGC |
liver adipose tissue |
muscle AA release ↑ liver gluconeogenesis ↑ fatty acid into the liver ↑ anti-inflammatory effect ↓ Glu uptake by cells ↓ lipolysis ↑, |
|
stress, CRH ACTH |
|
N, E |
AGM |
most tissues |
vasoconstriction ↑ glycogenolysis ↑, lipolysis↑ Glu uptake ↑ |
|
SNS |
|
GLP |
small intestine |
pancreas |
insulin secretion ↑ |
|
Glu |
|
GIP |
K cells duodenum, jejunum |
stomach, pancreas, mesentery |
insulin secretion ↑ intestinal blood flow ↑ gastric secretion ↓ |
|
AA, Glu, fat detection |
|
G |
stomach |
stomach |
stomach acid and pepsin ↑ stomach mucosa ↑ |
|
peptide, AA, n. vagus |
|
CCK |
duodenum, jejunum, brain |
gallbladder stomach pancreas |
gallbladder contraction ↑ gastric emptying ↓ PP ↑ |
|
fat, peptide, AA |
|
secretin |
duodenum |
pancreas stomach |
pancreatic bicarbonate ↑ gastric acid production ↓ |
|
acid and fat in duodenum |
|
T4 |
thyroid gland |
most cells, mainly the heart, muscle, liver, kidney |
metabolic pathways ↑ thermogenesis ↑, growth, development ↑ energy production ↑ |
T4 |
TSH |
Table 4. The metabolic effects of gastrointestinal hormones
(Glu = glucose, AA = amino acid, NPY = neuropeptide Y, AGRP = Agouti-related peptide, POMC = pro-opiomelanocortin, N = norepinephrine, E = epinephrine e, GIP = gastric inhibitory peptide, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, GLP = glucagon-like peptide, Arg = arginine, Leu = leucine, Lys = lysine, Ach = acetylcholine , CRH = corticotropin-releasing hormone, ACTH = adrenocorticotropic hormone, GH = growth hormone , SNS = sympathetic nervous system, CCK = cholecystokinin, VIP = vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, G = gastrin, PP = pancreas polypeptide, GRH = GH-releasing hormone, AGC = adrenal gland cortex, AGM = adrenal gland medulla, T4 = thyroxin, TSH = thyroid-stimulating hormone )