Csaba Varga, PhD, Anikó Pósa, PhD, Krisztina Kedvesné Kupai: The metabolic syndrome
- The metabolic syndrome
- I. Introduction
- II. Historical survey
- III. Physiological basics
- III.1. Energy storage
- III.2. Regulation of lipid metabolism
- III.2.A. Adipose tissue distribution
- III.2.B. The endocrine function of adipose tissue
- III.2.B.a. Adiponectin
- III.2.B.b. Leptin
- III.2.B.c. Resistin
- III.2.B.d. Retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4)
- III.2.B.e. The complement system
- III.2.B.f. Interleukin-6 (IL-6)
- III.2.B.g. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1)
- III.2.B.h. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)
- III.2.B.i. Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1)
- III.2.B.j. Angiotensinogen
- III.3. The glucose metabolism
- III.3.A. Transporters playing a role in Glu uptake and release
- III.3.B. Role of the pancreas
- III.3.C. Effects of catecholamines
- III.3.D. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
- III.3.E. The effect of the growth hormone on the blood glucose level
- III.3.F. The effects of glucocorticoids
- III.3.G. The effects of thyroid hormones
- III.3.H. Regulation of the blood glucose level
- III.4. Hormonal regulation of the gastrointestinal system
- III.4.A. Gastrin
- III.4.B. Secretin
- III.4.C. Cholecystokinin (CCK)
- III.4.D. Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)
- III.4.E. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
- III.4.F. Peptide histidine methionine
- III.4.G. Glucagon and enteroglucagon
- III.4.H. Pancreatic polypeptide (PP)
- III.4.I. Neuropeptide Y (NPY)
- III.4.J. Peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY)
- III.4.K. Opioid peptides
- III.4.L. Motilin
- III.4.M. Metabolic effects of hormones
- III.5. The regulation of eating
- IV. Definition of the metabolic syndrome
- V. Parameters influencing the metabolic syndrome
- VI. Endothelial dysfunction in the metabolic syndrome
- VII. Cardiovascular risk factors
- VII.1. Hyperinsulinemia
- VII.2. ACE gene polymorphism
- VII.3. Microalbuminuria (MA)
- VII.4. Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT)
- VII.5. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)
- VII. 6. Hyperlipidemia
- VII.7. Dyslipidemia
- VII.8. High cholesterol level
- VII.9. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
- VII.10. Atherothrombosis and atherosclerosis
- VII.11. High blood pressure
- VII.12. Malnutrition
- VII.13. Lipoprotein a (Lpa)
- VII.14. Homocysteine (Hcy)
- VII.15. Hyperuricemia
- VII.16. Smoking
- VII.17. Stress
- VII.18. Depression
- VII.19. Age and sex
- VII.20. Lack of sleep
- VII.21. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)
- VII.22. Physical inactivity
- VIII. Cardiovascular complications
- IX. Inflammation and the metabolic syndrome
- X. The diagnostic parameters of the Metabolic syndrome
- XI. Prevention of the metabolic syndrome
- XII. Treatment of the metabolic syndrome
- XIII. Abbreviations
- XIV. References
- XV. Acknowledgments
V. Parameters influencing the metabolic syndrome
There is no hierarchy in the symptoms/parameters: all of them are important, because the time of the development and the severity of the various symptoms display individual differences. The sequence of the developing symptoms is still controversial. It is known that the role of insulin resistance is very important, but its priority is unclear. The symptoms of the MetS are interpreted differently by the patients and the doctor. Because of the individual differences, there are no precise and general treatment protocols, but the risk of the development of complications may be decreased by an appropriate lifestyle.
Készült az Új generációs sporttudományi képzés és tartalomfejlesztés, hazai és nemzetközi hálózatfejlesztés és társadalmasítás a Szegedi Tudományegyetemen c. pályázat támogatásával. Pályázati azonosító: TÁMOP-4.1.2.E-15/1/Konv-2015-0002