Csaba Varga, PhD, Anikó Pósa, PhD, Krisztina Kedvesné Kupai: The metabolic syndrome
- The metabolic syndrome
- I. Introduction
- II. Historical survey
- III. Physiological basics
- III.1. Energy storage
- III.2. Regulation of lipid metabolism
- III.2.A. Adipose tissue distribution
- III.2.B. The endocrine function of adipose tissue
- III.2.B.a. Adiponectin
- III.2.B.b. Leptin
- III.2.B.c. Resistin
- III.2.B.d. Retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4)
- III.2.B.e. The complement system
- III.2.B.f. Interleukin-6 (IL-6)
- III.2.B.g. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1)
- III.2.B.h. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)
- III.2.B.i. Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1)
- III.2.B.j. Angiotensinogen
- III.3. The glucose metabolism
- III.3.A. Transporters playing a role in Glu uptake and release
- III.3.B. Role of the pancreas
- III.3.C. Effects of catecholamines
- III.3.D. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
- III.3.E. The effect of the growth hormone on the blood glucose level
- III.3.F. The effects of glucocorticoids
- III.3.G. The effects of thyroid hormones
- III.3.H. Regulation of the blood glucose level
- III.4. Hormonal regulation of the gastrointestinal system
- III.4.A. Gastrin
- III.4.B. Secretin
- III.4.C. Cholecystokinin (CCK)
- III.4.D. Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)
- III.4.E. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
- III.4.F. Peptide histidine methionine
- III.4.G. Glucagon and enteroglucagon
- III.4.H. Pancreatic polypeptide (PP)
- III.4.I. Neuropeptide Y (NPY)
- III.4.J. Peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY)
- III.4.K. Opioid peptides
- III.4.L. Motilin
- III.4.M. Metabolic effects of hormones
- III.5. The regulation of eating
- IV. Definition of the metabolic syndrome
- V. Parameters influencing the metabolic syndrome
- VI. Endothelial dysfunction in the metabolic syndrome
- VII. Cardiovascular risk factors
- VII.1. Hyperinsulinemia
- VII.2. ACE gene polymorphism
- VII.3. Microalbuminuria (MA)
- VII.4. Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT)
- VII.5. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)
- VII. 6. Hyperlipidemia
- VII.7. Dyslipidemia
- VII.8. High cholesterol level
- VII.9. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
- VII.10. Atherothrombosis and atherosclerosis
- VII.11. High blood pressure
- VII.12. Malnutrition
- VII.13. Lipoprotein a (Lpa)
- VII.14. Homocysteine (Hcy)
- VII.15. Hyperuricemia
- VII.16. Smoking
- VII.17. Stress
- VII.18. Depression
- VII.19. Age and sex
- VII.20. Lack of sleep
- VII.21. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)
- VII.22. Physical inactivity
- VIII. Cardiovascular complications
- IX. Inflammation and the metabolic syndrome
- X. The diagnostic parameters of the Metabolic syndrome
- XI. Prevention of the metabolic syndrome
- XII. Treatment of the metabolic syndrome
- XIII. Abbreviations
- XIV. References
- XV. Acknowledgments
III.4. Hormonal regulation of the gastrointestinal system
Various endocrine cells (Table 3) are situated in the gastrointestinal system. Two main cell types are identified histologically:
enterochromaffin cells
mainly in the gastric mucosa, or in the intestine
argophilic cells
everywhere in the gastrointestinal system
their number is twice that of the enterochromaffin cells
Table 3. The gastrointestinal hormone family
Készült az Új generációs sporttudományi képzés és tartalomfejlesztés, hazai és nemzetközi hálózatfejlesztés és társadalmasítás a Szegedi Tudományegyetemen c. pályázat támogatásával. Pályázati azonosító: TÁMOP-4.1.2.E-15/1/Konv-2015-0002