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III.4.M. Metabolic effects of hormones

Table 4 summarizes the important metabolic effects of hormones.

Hormone

Produced by

Target organ

Main effects on glucose and fat metabolism or food intake

Inhibited by

Stimulated by

Insulin

pancreatic

B cells

all tissues

(except nervous tissue)

Glu and AA uptake in cells ↑

NPY ↓

AGRP ↑

POMC ↑

Somatos-tatin

stress

N

E

galanin

Glu ↑

incretins (GIP, CCK, GLP)

Arg, Leu, Lys

n. vagus cholinergic stimulus

Sulfonylurea

Ach

Glucagon

pancreatic

A cells

liver

adipose tissue

glycogenolysis ↑

Glu release from the liver ↑

Somatos-tatin

insulin

high Glu

stress,

CRH, ACTH

GH, E, N SNS,

the lack of insulin

Arg, Leu, Lys

Somatos-tatin

 

intestinal nerve cells

intestines

pancreatic

D cells

brain

pancreas

stomach

intestines

brain

insulin, glucagon inhibition

CCK, VIP, G, PP inhibition

gastric acid secretion ↓

intestinal motility ↓

food intake↓

galanin

G, insulin, Glu, AA

GH

adeno-hypophysis

all tissues

RNA, protein synthesis↑, amount of tissue ↑

Glu release ↑, AA release ↑,

lipolysis ↑

Som

plasma Glu and AA level ↓

GRH

 

cortisol

AGC

liver

adipose tissue

muscle AA release ↑

liver gluconeogenesis ↑

fatty acid into the liver ↑

anti-inflammatory effect ↓

Glu uptake by cells ↓

lipolysis ↑,

 

stress,

CRH

ACTH

N,

E

AGM

most tissues

vasoconstriction ↑

glycogenolysis ↑, lipolysis↑

Glu uptake ↑

 

SNS

GLP

small intestine

pancreas

insulin secretion ↑

 

Glu

GIP

K cells duodenum, jejunum

stomach,

pancreas,

mesentery

insulin secretion ↑

intestinal blood flow ↑

gastric secretion ↓

 

AA, Glu, fat detection

G

stomach

stomach

stomach acid and pepsin ↑

stomach mucosa ↑

 

peptide, AA, n. vagus

CCK

duodenum, jejunum, brain

gallbladder

stomach

pancreas

gallbladder contraction ↑

gastric emptying ↓

PP ↑

 

fat, peptide, AA

secretin

duodenum

pancreas

stomach

pancreatic bicarbonate ↑

gastric acid production ↓

 

acid and fat in duodenum

T4

thyroid gland

most cells, mainly the heart, muscle, liver, kidney

metabolic pathways ↑

thermogenesis ↑,

growth, development ↑

energy production ↑

T4

TSH

 

Table 4. The metabolic effects of gastrointestinal hormones

(Glu = glucose, AA = amino acid, NPY = neuropeptide Y, AGRP = Agouti-related peptide, POMC = pro-opiomelanocortin, N = norepinephrine, E = epinephrine e, GIP = gastric inhibitory peptide, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, GLP = glucagon-like peptide, Arg = arginine, Leu = leucine, Lys = lysine, Ach = acetylcholine , CRH = corticotropin-releasing hormone, ACTH = adrenocorticotropic hormone, GH = growth hormone , SNS = sympathetic nervous system, CCK = cholecystokinin, VIP = vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, G = gastrin, PP = pancreas polypeptide, GRH = GH-releasing hormone, AGC = adrenal gland cortex, AGM = adrenal gland medulla, T4 = thyroxin, TSH = thyroid-stimulating hormone )